PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF SCIENCE

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What is Science?

Science is a way of discovering what's in the universe and how those things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in the future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out something that no one has before. Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable.

Science is a system of knowledge as well as a process. Importantly, science is also a process of discovery that allows isolated facts to be linked to a coherent and detailed understanding of the natural world. Science is fascinating. Science is a way of discovering what is in the universe and how it works today, how it worked in the past, and how it might work in the future. Scientists are motivated by the urge to see or understand something that no one else has. Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, treat diseases and deal with many other problems. Science is happening. Science is constantly refining and expanding our knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it raises new questions for future inquiry. Science is never "final." Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the world participate in the scientific process.

What is scientific methodology?

The scientific method is a process with the help of scientists to find, confirm, or construct an accurate and reliable version of any natural phenomenon. They do this by creating an objective framework for a scientific experiment and by scientifically analyzing the results and coming to a conclusion that supports or contradicts the observation made at the outset. 

The purpose of all scientific methods is the same, that is, to analyze the observation made at the outset, but different steps are taken according to the need of any observation. However, there is a generally accepted sequence of steps in scientific methods.

  • Observation and formulation of a question: This is the first step of a scientific method. In order to start one, an observation has to be made into any observable aspect or phenomena of the universe and a question needs to be asked pertaining to that aspect.
  • Observation and formulation of a question: This is the first step of a scientific method. In order to start one, an observation has to be made into any observable aspect or phenomena of the universe and a question needs to be asked pertaining to that aspect.
  • Testing the hypothesis: After the hypothesis is made, it needs to be tested scientifically. Scientists do this by conducting experiments. The aim of these experiments is to determine whether the hypothesis agrees with or contradicts the observations made in the real world. The confidence in the hypothesis increases or decreases based on the result of the experiments.
  • Analysis and Conclusion: This step involves the use of proper mathematical and other scientific procedures to determine the results of the experiment. Based on the analysis, the future course of action can be determined. If the data found in the analysis is consistent with the hypothesis, it is accepted. If not, then it is rejected or modified and analyzed again.

Logical structure of scientific knowledge

Every scientific knowledge system includes hierarchically organized and complex subsystems that partially and separately have been studied by standard, structuralist, operationalist, problem-solving, axiological and other directions of the current philosophy of science. A scientific theory is a set of statements serving to explain a number of phenomena in a systematic and coherent manner. Deductions from the theory can be used to test it through actual observation.

Examples: Newton’s Gravitational Theory; Einstein’s Relativity Theory; Darwin’s Evolution Theory

How does science differ from other forms of knowledge?

The role of science in building modern society is so great that the blind can no doubt feel it and the deaf can see it. It is important to apply scientific knowledge in shaping any kind of social structures at all levels of education through local and industrial production. The values ​​associated with science by society are a deterrent to the application of scientific knowledge in satisfying the basic needs of man and in improving the quality of life and well-being. Although science has benefited from the application of its knowledge to society, there are still big problems.

Questions about the nature of scientific knowledge are philosophical and it is essential to treat them as such. Therefore, the type of science can be explained from an epistemological point of view that is primarily concerned with the theory of knowledge. No matter how much one tries to identify components of scientific knowledge among academic philosophers, there seems to be no universal consensus. However, some components, such as expressions, concepts, hypotheses, theories, and methods, stand out in scientific practice.

Explanation of the success of science

Many modern scientific theories have proven to be remarkably successful in predicting future phenomena. Some philosophers have seen this success demand a deeper explanation. What makes these theories so predictable and credible when not only certain theories but also enjoy such success? This question often leads philosophers to take realistic positions on scientific theories, where the institutions and mechanisms put forward by a successful theory refer to the real institutions and mechanisms of the world. A roughly accurate picture of the outside world can be assumed because it does not mention mental activity. I will try to make a clear explanation of the success of science that there is no correspondence between the world and the world as described by our theories. Such an explanation depends not only on the characteristics of the external world on which our theories can be roughly expressed, but also on the ability of the mental processes to enrich this world through theories and experiences.


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